Handmer, J. & Dovers, S. A Typology Of Resilience, The Earthscan Reader on Adaptation to Climate Change (eds Schipper, E. L. F. & Burton, I.) 187–210 (Earthscan, London, 2009). Human-animal interactions activate the oxytocinergic system, resulting in decreased social stress and endocrinological, psychophysiological, and psychosocial effects [ 229]. Oxytocin is produced by stroking [ 230, 231], and an increase in plasma oxytocin was found in humans after 5–24 min of petting [ 232, 233]. Oxytocin is found to increase social interaction [ 234], decrease stress [ 235, 236, 237], lower pain thresholds, produce anti-inflammatory effects [ 238, 239], lower anxiety [ 240], and increase the function of the parasympathetic nervous system, resulting in increased digestive function [ 241, 242]. Oxytocin may therefore be an important factor in the nature benefits received from touch. Perrings, C., Duraiappah, A., Larigauderie, A. & Mooney, H. The biodiversity and ecosystem services science-policy interface. Science 331, 1139–1140 (2011). A conference was conducted in 2004 to discuss translating the biophilia into the built environment design; a book was then released sequentially (Eds., [ 1]). The book discussed the ways of creating a biophilic experience and summed up the user experience into three main categories: nature in the space, natural analogues, and nature of the space.

Chang P. J., Bae, S. (2017). Positive emotional effects of leisure in green spaces in alleviating workefamily spillover in working mothers. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 14:757 Kellert, S. (2012). Birthright: People and Nature in the Modern World. New Haven: Yale University Press Xue, F. , S. S. Y. Lau, Yifan Song & Zhonghua Gou, B. Jiang, (2016). Incorporating biophilia into green building rating tools for promoting health and wellbeing Challenge LB (2018) Biophilic design guidebook, International Living Future Institute, pp 1–26 https://living-future.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/18-0605_Biophilic-Design-Guidebook.pdf There is mounting evidence, from dozens and dozens of researchers, that nature has benefits for both physical and psychological human well­being,” says Lisa Nisbet, PhD, a psychologist at Trent University in Ontario, Canada, who studies connectedness to nature. “You can boost your mood just by walking in nature, even in urban nature. And the sense of connection you have with the natural world seems to contribute to happiness even when you’re not physically immersed in nature.” Cognitive benefits

Kellert, S. R., & Finnegan, B. (2011). BIOPHILIC DESIGN The architecture of life viewing guide. http://www.biophilicdesign.net/ Acselrad, H. in The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Political Economy of Sustainability (eds Park, J., Conca, K. & Finger, M.) 96–109 (Routledge, London, 2008). Browning W, Ryan C, Clancy J (2014) 14 Patterns of biophilic design, Terrapin Bright Green, LLC, pp 1–60

In the case of hearing, it would be interesting to partition different kinds of natural sounds to determine whether the benefits vary with the acoustic properties of the sounds (e.g., biophysical versus animal sounds or different kinds of bird song). Also, running experiments with visually-impaired individuals, such as exposing them to nature sounds, could provide insight into the nature benefits of sound. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Our Human Planet: Summary for Decision Makers (Earthscan, 2005).Sterman, J. D. Risk communication on climate: mental models and mass balance. Science 322, 532–533 (2008).