Over 20,000 workers and a number of townspeople marched against economic policies in Socialist Romania and Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies of rationing of basic foodstuffs, rationing electricity and central heating. Main article: Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality Stamp commemorating Ceaușescu's 70th birthday and 55 years of political activity, 1988 Ceaușescu receiving the presidential sceptre, 1974 [93] Propaganda poster, Bucharest 1986) Mungiu‐Pippidi, A. (2001). "The Return of Populism‐The 2000 Romanian Elections". Government and Opposition, 36(2), 230–252. Ceaușism's main trait was a form of Romanian nationalism, [77] one which arguably propelled Ceaușescu to power in 1965, and probably led the Party leadership under Ion Gheorghe Maurer to select him over the more orthodox Gheorghe Apostol. Although he had previously been a careful supporter of the official lines, Ceaușescu came to embody Romanian society's wish for independence after what many considered years of Soviet directives and purges, during and after the SovRom fiasco. He carried this nationalist option inside the Party, manipulating it against the nominated successor, Apostol. This nationalist policy had more timid precedents: [78] for example, Gheorghiu-Dej had overseen the withdrawal of the Red Army in 1958. Nicolae Ceaușescu ( / tʃ aʊ ˈ ʃ ɛ s k uː/ chow- SHESK-oo, Romanian: [nikoˈla.e tʃe̯a.uˈʃesku] ⓘ; 5 February[ O.S. 23 January]1918– 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician and statesman. He was the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, and the second and last communist leader of Romania. He was also the country's head of state from 1967, serving as President of the State Council and from 1974 concurrently as President of the Republic, until his overthrow and execution in the Romanian Revolution in December 1989, part of a series of anti-communist uprisings in Eastern Europe that year.

Ceaușescu was born in the small village of Scornicești, Olt County, being the third of nine children of a poor peasant family (see Ceaușescu family). Based on his birth certificate, he was born on 5 February[ O.S. 23 January]1918, [6] [7] rather than the official 8 February[ O.S. 26 January]1918—his birth was registered with a three-day delay, which later led to confusion. According to the information recorded in his autobiography, Nicolae Ceaușescu was born on 26 January 1918. [8] His father Andruță (1886–1969) owned 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of agricultural land and a few sheep, and Nicolae supplemented his large family's income through tailoring. [9] He studied at the village school until the age of 11, when he left for Bucharest. The Olt County Service of National Archives holds excerpts from the catalogs of Scornicești Primary School, which certifies that Nicolae A. Ceaușescu passed the first grade with an average of 8.26 and the second grade with an average of 8.18, ranking third, in a class in which 25 students were enrolled. [8] Journalist Cătălin Gruia claimed in 2007 that he ran away from his supposedly extremely religious, abusive and strict father. He initially lived with his sister, Niculina Rusescu. DECRET-LEGE nr.6 din 7 ianuarie 1990 pentru abolirea pedepsei cu moartea, pentru modificarea și abrogarea unor prevederi din Codul penal și alte acte normative" (in Romanian) . Retrieved 12 April 2016. Ceaușescu was among the most ardent supporters of dimming lingering tensions between different Balkan states, [86] and went as far as to establish friendly relations with the vituperatively anti-communist Regime of the Colonels in Greece to pursue his objectives of cooperation between Balkan countries. [87] Ceaușescu with Ștefan Andrei and George Macovescu at CSCE Meeting in Helsinki, Finland in 1975Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate by the Department of State, in Accordance with Section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade Competitiveness Act of 1988". U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 September 1991 – via Google Books. Statistical Abstract of the United States". U.S. Government Printing Office. 3 September 1990 – via Google Books. Juliana Geran Pilon, The Bloody Flag. Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Spotlight on Romania, ISBN 1-56000-062-7; ISBN 1-56000-620-X The Ceaușescus were the last people to be executed in Romania before the abolition of capital punishment on 7 January 1990. [70]

Filip Teodorescu, et al., Extracts from the minutes of a Romanian senate hearing, 14 December 1994, featuring the remarks of Filip Teodorescu. He became an apprentice shoemaker, [9] working in the workshop of Alexandru Săndulescu, a shoemaker who was an active member in the then-illegal Communist Party. [9] Ceaușescu was soon involved in the Communist Party activities (becoming a member in early 1932), but as a teenager he was given only small tasks. [9] He was first arrested in 1933, at the age of 15, for street fighting during a strike and again, in 1934, first for collecting signatures on a petition protesting against the trial of railway workers and twice more for other similar activities. [ citation needed] By the mid-1930s, he had been in missions in Bucharest, Craiova, Câmpulung and Râmnicu Vâlcea, being arrested several times. [10] a b "ZIUA". 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 4 July 2023. Gold Medal Plate of the International Relations Institute of Rome, an Italian non-profit organization (1979)

The Romani, long a highly vulnerable ethnic minority group across Europe, were left in significant poverty and at risk of hate crimes in the country. Such conditions exist in modern-day Romania, as demonstrated by the policies of several subsequent presidents. What was Pol Pot eating while two million Cambodians were dying of hunger? Did Idi Amin really eat human flesh? And why was Fidel Castro obsessed with one particular cow? In 1974, Ceaușescu converted his post of president of the State Council to a full-fledged executive presidency. He was first elected to this post in 1974 and would be reelected every five years until 1989. Romanian students spontaneously joined the demonstration, which soon lost nearly all connection to its initial cause and became a more general anti-government demonstration. Regular military forces, police, and the Securitate fired on demonstrators on 17 December 1989, killing and injuring men, women, and children. In November 1989, at the XIVth and last congress of the PCR, Ceaușescu condemned the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and asked for the annulment of its consequences. In effect, this amounted to a demand for the return of Bessarabia (most of which was then a Soviet republic and since 1991 has been independent Moldova) and northern Bukovina, both of which had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and again at the end of World War II.

Crampton, Richard Eastern Europe In the Twentieth Century – And After, London: Routledge, 1997 pp. 354–355. Crăciun, Iulian Andrei; Delcea, Cristian (7 November 2010). "Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi"[The new Romanian Communist Party, led by a taxi driver]. Adevărul (in Romanian) . Retrieved 28 December 2012. Praising the crimes of totalitarian governments and denigrating their victims is forbidden by law in Romania; this includes the Ceaușescu era. Dinel Staicu was fined 25,000 lei (approx. 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceaușescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel ( 3TV Oltenia). [103] Nevertheless, according to opinion polls held in 2010, 41% of Romanians would have voted for Ceaușescu if given the opportunity [104] [105] and 63% felt their lives were better before 1989. [105] [106] In 2014, the percentage of those who would vote for Ceaușescu reached 46%. [107] On 27 December 2018, a poll found 64% of people had a good opinion of him. [108] Cultural depictions [ edit ] a b c The contradictions between domestic and foreign policies in the Cold War Romania (1956–1975), Ferrero, M.D, 2006, Historia Actual Online When Gheorghiu-Dej died on 19 March 1965, Ceaușescu was not the obvious successor, despite his closeness to the longtime leader. But widespread infighting by older and more connected officials led the Politburo to choose Ceaușescu as a compromise candidate. [20] He was elected general secretary on 22 March 1965, three days after Gheorghiu-Dej's death.Mitchell, Houston (9 April 2013). "L.A.'s greatest sports moments No. 3: 1984 Olympics opening". Los Angeles Times. Witold Szabłowski - Author книга, з якою я буду носитися рівно як із першою і рекомендувати скрізь!