The Echo Chamber: John Boyne

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The Echo Chamber: John Boyne

The Echo Chamber: John Boyne

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Guess, A. M., Nyhan, B., Lyons, B., & Reifler, J. (2018). Avoiding the echo chamber about echo chambers: Why selective exposure to like-minded political news is less prevalent than you think. Miami, FL: Knight Foundation. Attending McClean’s trial prompted Boyne to give his testimony to the Garda; he can’t say much more about it at the moment, because it is still in their hands. But what was especially striking was the way that Boyne wrote about it, going beyond the horrific nature of the abuse itself to meditate on the effects it has had on his emotional, romantic and sexual life. Recalling relationships that didn’t work and the breakup of his marriage, which he describes to me as the worst thing that’s ever happened to him, he wrote: “The truth is, I’ve failed in every romantic relationship I’ve ever pursued.” In the conversation we have, he talks candidly about how the loss of his husband, with whom he had been in a relationship for 11 years, has “left a scar within me that will never heal”, not least because it was entirely unexpected to him; and about how much he longs for a loving partner to share the life he’s made. Starbird, K., Arif, A., & Wilson, T. (2019). Disinformation as collaborative work: Surfacing the participatory nature of strategic information operations. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), article 127. The term filter bubble was coined by the activist and entrepreneur Eli Pariser in his book of the same name, to capture his concern that the increasing use of personalisation in the ranking of search engine results and social media feeds would create “a unique universe of information for each of us” (2011, p. 10) eroding the possibility of a relatively shared common ground – as we might be shown more and more of things we like, while things we are not prone to like are hidden from us – on the basis of data-driven display decisions dictated by platform companies’ commercial interests rather than our own active choices. Just as many assume that echo chambers are pervasive and filter bubbles are real – despite evidence to the contrary – there is widespread public and political concern over polarisation in many countries. Some surveys which aim to measure perceived polarisation suggest much of the public feel that the UK is more divided today than in the past. 4

This leaves distribution and demand as the main possible causes for the formation of echo chambers. Evie's need to register many voices also brings forth a diary extract from her mother that neatly conveys the meeting of domestic and political tensions in the final days of British rule, as well as offering more fine descriptions, such as the onset of the harmattan-induced sand-storm. Williams's well-balanced, rhythmic sentences are perfect here for sketching variations in darkness and light. The role of interest leads us to demand, the final factor we will consider in this section. The main possible causal mechanism here is self-selection: that some people actively opt into echo chambers because they prefer news that aligns with and reinforces their pre-existing views (selective exposure to attitude-consistent information) or actively seek to avoid counter-attitudinal information (selective avoidance of cross-cutting exposure). Not to be overshadowed vocalist extraordinaire Rey Parra shines once again! For the uninitiated Rey used to sing for a little known powerhouse of a band also called Sacred Warrior. His vocals on this album show once again that Rey continues to get better with age. His tone, control, depth and emotion enhance and bring a light to the songs that scream memorable.

The Echo Chamber

Some of the issues we discuss – around echo chambers, polarisation, and inequality – for example, raise moral and political questions and sometimes capture serious societal challenges. Our purpose here is not to outline normative positions on these but to summarise the relevant evidence. This is important to keep in mind because analytical terms such as echo chambers and polarisation often have a negative ring, but their implications of course depend on the substantive nature of the information echoed or the issues that polarise opinion. Basic descriptive facts about media use ↑ We seek to identify (a) areas where we believe there is a clear majority view in academic research, (b) areas where there are some empirical studies but not necessarily convergent interpretations, and (c) areas where there is at this point little evidence to help us understand a situation that is rapidly evolving in terms of both media structure and media substance (as the constant evolution of the digital media environment as well as communications around the coronavirus pandemic has shown). Relatively small minorities of unusually active and opinionated individuals often animate online debates, even as the vast majority of internet users pay little or no attention to these partisan discussions.

A growing body of research has also sought to better understand the dynamics of public discussions around science online. Much of this work is not concerned with echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation as defined here, but it can help us understand some of the ways in which digital media are used to discuss science. Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021a). More diverse, more politically varied: How social media, search engines and aggregators shape news repertoires in the United Kingdom. New Media & Society, July. Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Chen, H., Fallin Hunzaker, M. B., Lee, J., Mann, M., Merhout, F., & Volfovsky, A. (2018). Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(37), 9216–9221. Virtually all the studies reviewed above on echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation are concerned with the interplay between politics, news, and media use.Rogowski, J. C., & Sutherland, J. L. (2016). How ideology fuels affective polarization. Political Behavior, 38(2), 485–508. Garrett, R. K. (2013). Selective exposure: New methods and new directions. Communication Methods and Measures, 7(3–4), 247–256. In this review, we have examined evidence concerning the existence, causes, and effects of online echo chambers and have considered what related research can tell us about scientific discussions online and how they might shape public understanding of science and the role of science in society. The Echo Chamber is an easy-enough read but the targets feel too easy and predictable – woke Gen Z, oversexed reality stars, entitled BBC ‘talent’. There’s a recurring joke about young people not knowing any history which gets wearing. Some of the dialogue scenes go on far too long. The ending feels like a cop-out. In Europe, public service media often help bridge these gaps, with differences between those with low interest and high interest being smaller in countries like the UK that have widely used public service media (Castro-Herrero et al. 2018). But many people self-select away from politics and news, choosing entertainment content instead (Prior 2005), and people with more limited levels of formal education and lower levels of income generally use less news than more privileged parts of the population (Kalogeropoulos and Nielsen 2018).



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