Today, telecommunications hardware and software suppliers such as Ericsson have a wide range of telco products and solutions in their portfolio. In the Digital Services space, these typically come in the form of software (SW) applications (which realize certain telco network functions). After a proper presales process has been conducted, a Communication Services Provider (CSP), often known as the operator, typically deploy these telco applications on top of their owned datacenters. These datacenters are also known as Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI). Chain Dimensioning: Chain dimensioning, also known as string dimensioning, involves arranging dimensions in a linear series. It's useful for simple straight-line objects like a beam or a rod. However, the accumulated error due to chain dimensioning is substantial. After testing our modeling techniques with different datasets, and from different IMS network functions through Data-Driven CANDI, we have been able to consistently obtain models with less than 4 percent error, with interpretable coefficients. Key takeaways Jan van Dijk ( 2006) developed his resources and appropriation theory to better understand the concept of the digital divide, inextricably linked to digital inequality. Research within the theory can be categorised into two distinct phases: the first concerns physical access to technologies, which characterised early research (van Dijk 2006). However, as digitisation increased, the concept of access needed to move beyond the mere appropriation of digital resources and to take account of the inequalities experienced as these technologies entered people’s daily life–a concept coined the second level divide (van Dijk 2017). This ‘deepening divide’ emphasises that digital inequality does not end after physical access has been attained. Instead, digital inequality is further exacerbated by how individuals and communities incorporate technology shaped by different sociological dimensions such as gender, age, education, and ethnicity (Ragenedda and Muschert 2013).

Further examples focusing especially on community-based participatory projects and epistemic injustice in Africa, Europe, and Latin America are richly described in a collective volume edited by Walker and Boni ( 2020). Some of these participatory research examples have a digital dimension, and the CA is the underlying framework of most of the case studies presented in this collection. Theory of Practice (Laura Czerniewicz) Linear dimensioning symbols: The most commonly used symbols in basic engineering dimensioning are the arrows denoting linear dimensions. They specify the distance between two points and are often accompanied by extension lines, creating a clear separation between the dimension line and the object. Dimensioning software ensures the automatic placement and precise matching of dimensions as per internationally recognised standards, eliminating the potential errors and inconsistencies seen in manual dimensioning. In addition, it offers multiple dimensioning techniques such as orthogonal, aligned, radial, and diametric, influencing the versatility and adaptability of design documentation. There are several efficient software tools available today for dimensioning in engineering. Here are some widely adopted ones:

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On the other hand, our solution, the telco domain-inspired model, yielded results which complied with the domain expectations by allocating suitable weightage to individual features. Additionally, the prediction error of this solution is competitive to both baseline modeling and superior to dimensioning estimations provided by traditional tooling, for the given range of prediction as indicated in table 1. The use of dimension lines is paramount to the complete understanding of an engineering drawing. Starting from the specific point where measurement begins, it extends towards the point where the measurement ends. Between these two terminating points is where the dimension value is usually placed. Though general practice is to situate the dimension figure above the line, deviations can occur as per specific standards or practices.

Digital inequality can be understood as the unequal or differentiated use of the available technology, infrastructure, services, facilities, and information. It prominently exists socially, economically, educationally, culturally, and in geographically diverse societies. Digital equality, instead, is a deliberate and dedicated effort to provide digital technology, infrastructure, services, facilities, and information at a minimum cost to all citizens so that they can be informed and participate in the growth and development of their society. In such a society, the distribution and availability of digital technology, infrastructure, and services are insured without any military, geographical, or economic agenda. In summary, accurate network dimensioning becomes a very challenging endeavor in the situations described above and calls for a data-driven approach that can cope with the increased complexity of such deployment scenarios and that can properly scale to the current and future needs according to the trends described before. Our approach has considered historical data from Performance Management (PM) counters, which are normally used for monitoring the network behavior and other factors. Network dimensioning at EricssonThe HD/CA is an interdisciplinary human- or people-centred approach that is analytically detailed, systematic, and oriented towards justice. Here, we distinguish the HD/CA from analyses of firm and innovation ‘capabilities’, which do not have human capabilities or justice as their focus (e.g. Andrews et al. 2018)–the latter are not relevant here. Bourdieu treats habitus essentially as ‘a set of dispositions which incline agents to act and react in certain ways’ (Thompson 1991: 12), dispositions that sediment within us through social interaction from childhood onward, and that becomes a physical part of our nervous system. These dispositions are inculcated into us from early childhood, and they generate regular practices without being governed by any ‘rule’. The habitus is inhabited by an active human agent who is defined by the system but, crucially, is not merely its passive object. The agent engages in exchanges of symbolic power with other agents, each of whose habitus is linked to the rest in the shared field. Premised on Vygotsky’s and Cole ( 1978) dialectical account of human development, CHAT emphasises the interdependent relationship between the individual and their wider community. To illustrate this, consider a formal learning environment with a teacher and students. Both have entered into this interaction to realise a socially derived motive. For the teacher, this could be financial compensation; for the student, this could be social mobility (amongst others). The key to this exchange is both parties’ reciprocal interaction is premised on the other’s participation to realise their aims: to learn, the student requires the teacher; to teach, the teacher needs the student. Inventor: Also from Autodesk, Inventor boasts of a comprehensive set of tools for 3D mechanical design, documentation, and simulation. Its robust dimensioning features include automatic dimension updates and flexible setting preferences. Industry-wide, when 3-D models replace engineering drawings, downstream users who currently rely on these drawings would need another method for communicating product dimensioning and tolerancing data. Many non-engineer users have no access to or familiarity with CAD; a lightweight format is needed to communicate this information, said researcher Virgilio Quintana.