Member States should ensure that renewable energy communities can participate in available support schemes on an equal footing with large participants. To that end, Member States should be allowed to take measures, such as providing information, providing technical and financial support, reducing administrative requirements, including community-focused bidding criteria, creating tailored bidding windows for renewable energy communities, or allowing renewable energy communities to be remunerated through direct support where they comply with requirements of small installations. Maréchal Y, Chanzy H (2000) The hydrogen bond network in I (β) cellulose as observed by infrared spectrometry. J Mol Struct 523:183–196 Guarantees of origin issued for the purposes of this Directive have the sole function of showing to a final customer that a given share or quantity of energy was produced from renewable sources. A guarantee of origin can be transferred, independently of the energy to which it relates, from one holder to another. However, with a view to ensuring that a unit of renewable energy is disclosed to a customer only once, double counting and double disclosure of guarantees of origin should be avoided. Energy from renewable sources in relation to which the accompanying guarantee of origin has been sold separately by the producer should not be disclosed or sold to the final customer as energy from renewable sources. It is important to distinguish between green certificates used for support schemes and guarantees of origin.

Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel World USA Bioéthanol: le contexte (2) Vehicle Fuel demand: unbalance in favour of diesel oil ... in EU • La taille de ce cinquième niveau est étudiée pour servir éventuellement de légende aux photos. Diesel oil Mtons Gasoline Source: Petroleum Economics Ltd Une demande en essence toujours forte au niveau mondial Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 The main polymeric constituents of wood (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were determined through a fiber analysis based on the Van Soest gravimetric method using α-amylase [ 34]. From each sample unit, 0.5 g of dry wood of homogenous particle size (through a mesh 60/40, 0.274/0.516 mm) was taken and then introduced into ANKOM filter bags and submitted to the sequential digestions indicated by the method using an ANKOM-200 fiber analyzer [ 23, 35]. The estimated parameters were neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin insoluble in sulfuric acid at 72 %, 1 N (IL). The chemical composition analyses were performed three times for each sample. The proportion of hemicellulose was calculated as the subtraction of ADF from NDF (NDF-ADF), the proportion of cellulose as the subtraction of IL from ADF (ADF-IL), and for IL, an ash correction was applied, as the method indicates. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysisa b Haq, Izharul; Mazumder, Payal; Kalamdhad, Ajay S. (2020-09-01). "Recent advances in removal of lignin from paper industry wastewater and its industrial applications – A review". Bioresource Technology. 312: 123636. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123636. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 32527619. S2CID 219607347.

Galván-Hernández DM, Lozada-García JA, Flores-Estévez N, Galindo-González J, Vázquez-Torres SM (2015) Altitudinal gradient effect on morphometric variation and leaf symmetry of Platanus mexicana Moric. Rev Chapingo Ser Ciencias For y del Ambient 21:171–183Brandt A, Gräsvik J, Hallett JP, Welton T (2013) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids. Green Chem 15:550–583 U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (June 2006). "Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. Report from the December 2005 Workshop" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07 . Retrieved 2008-01-19. Lu, Yuchan; He, Qiao; Fan, Guozhi; Cheng, Qunpeng; Song, Guangsen (2021-01-01). "Extraction and modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: A review". Green Processing and Synthesis. 10 (1): 779–804. doi: 10.1515/gps-2021-0065. ISSN 2191-9550. It is appropriate to allow the consumer market for renewable electricity to contribute to the development of energy from renewable sources. Member States should therefore require electricity suppliers who disclose their energy mix to final customers pursuant to Union law on the internal market for electricity, or who market energy to consumers with a reference to the consumption of energy from renewable sources, to use guarantees of origin from installations producing energy from renewable sources.

District heating and cooling currently represents around 10 % of the heat demand across the Union, with large discrepancies between Member States. The Commission's heating and cooling strategy has recognised the potential for decarbonisation of district heating through increased energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment. Guerriero G, Sergeant K, Hausman JF (2014) Wood biosynthesis and typologies: a molecular rhapsody. Tree Physiol 34:839–855 Support schemes for electricity from renewable sources or ‘renewable electricity’ have been demonstrated to be an effective way of fostering deployment of renewable electricity. If and when Member States decide to implement support schemes, such support should be provided in a form that is as non-distortive as possible for the functioning of electricity markets. To that end, an increasing number of Member States allocate support in a form by means of which support is granted in addition to market revenues and introduce market-based systems to determine the necessary level of support. Together with steps by which to make the market fit for increasing shares of renewable energy, such support is a key element of increasing the market integration of renewable electricity, while taking into account the different capabilities of small and large producers to respond to market signals.

Nelson ML, O’Connor RT (1964) Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type. Part II. A new infrared ratio for estimation of crystallinity in celluloses I and II. J Appl Polym Sci 8:1325–1341 Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 7), Directives 2001/77/EC ( 8) and 2003/30/EC ( 9) of the European Parliament and of the Council, and Directive 2009/28/EC established definitions for different types of energy from renewable sources. Union law on the internal market for energy establishes definitions for the electricity sector in general. In the interests of clarity and legal certainty it is appropriate to apply those definitions in this Directive.

Bioéthanol: le procédé (6)Bilans • Bilan masse dépendant de la matière première (1 t MS) • Exemple : teneur en cellulose = 40 % (m/m) • (hémicellulose : 25 % -20% xylanes, lignine : 20% ) • Rdts : • prétraitement 93% • hydrolyse 85 % • fermentation 46 % • Ethanol final : 160 kg (rdt = 70% / théorique) • + potentiellement 200 kg xylanes + 200 kg lignine • + potentiellement 86 kg éthanol ex C5 Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 To prepare for the transition towards advanced biofuels and minimise the overall direct and indirect land-use change impacts, it is appropriate to limit the amount of biofuels and bioliquids produced from cereal and other starch-rich crops, sugars and oil crops that can be counted towards the targets laid down in this Directive, without restricting the overall possibility of using such biofuels and bioliquids. The establishment of a limit at Union level should not prevent Member States from providing for lower limits to the amount of biofuels and bioliquids produced from cereal and other starch-rich crops, sugars and oil crops that can be counted at national level towards the targets laid down in this Directive, without restricting the overall possibility of using such biofuels and bioliquids. Chen H, Ferrari C, Angiuli M, Yao J, Raspi C, Bramanti E (2010) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of wood samples by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Carbohydr Polym 82:772–778 The study was carried out within the Cofre de Perote National Park (19° 31.908′ N; 97° 09. 246′ W), in the locality named Ejido El Conejo, in the municipality of Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. The climate is cool temperate subhumid, with a temperature range between −5 and 22 °C and a summer rainfall regime of 1200–1500 mm [ 2, 32]. In the study area, there are no weather stations. We were able to place dataloggers HOBO U23 Pro v2 (Onset Technologies) to register temperature and relative humidity (RH) only at three places across the AG (3000, 3250 and 3500 masl), and data collection was carried out during almost 15 months. With datalogger information of relative humidity and temperature, the other altitudes were estimated through linear equations. Field samplingThe collection of wood samples from Abies religiosa trees was carried out along a 500-m-long AG in August 2014. The gradient was divided into six altitudinal levels with a distance of 100 m from each other (3500, 3400, 3300, 3200, 3100 and 3000 masl). At each of these levels, wood samples from six trees were collected at a trunk height of 1.3 m. A total of 36 trees were sampled. Barbara A. Tokay "Biomass Chemicals" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a04_099 Osborne PL (2012) Tropical ecosystems and ecological concepts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge