Viking Leather lamellar Armour; lamellar Cuirass; Leather Armor; Viking Armor

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Protective clothing and armour have been used by armies from earliest recorded history; the King James Version of the Bible ( Jeremiah 46:4) translates the Hebrew סריון [1] or שריון "coat of mail" [2] as "brigandine". Medieval brigandines were essentially a refinement of the earlier coat of plates, which developed in the late 12th century, typically of simpler construction with larger metal plates. This armour of Asian origin reached Europe after the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' in 1240 that destroyed the Kievan Rus' and severely damaged the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241. The new armour became very popular first in Eastern Europe, especially in Hungary, towards the end of the 13th century and was adopted in western Europe several decades later. [3] Fienup-Riordan A. 1994. Eskimo War and Peace // Anthropology of the North Pacific Rim / Ed. by W. W. Fitzhugh, V. Chaussonnet. Washington. When the Mongols invaded Europe in 1240, they brought with them the Mongolian armor that they used to ravage Kievan Rus’ and seriously devastate the Kingdom of Hungary. A brigandine was commonly worn over a gambeson and mail shirt and it was not long before this form of protection was commonly used by soldiers ranging in rank from archers to knights. It was most commonly used by men-at-arms. These wore brigandines, along with plate armour arm and leg protection, as well as a helmet. Even with the gambeson and the mail shirt, a wearer was not as well-protected as when wearing a complete harness of plate armour, but the brigandine was less expensive and also gave the soldier a greater degree of mobility and flexibility. A brigandine was also simple enough in design for a soldier to make and repair his own armour without needing the services of an armourer. Lamellar was used by steppe tribes such as the Khazar khaganate, and the Turkic warrior-elites who came to dominate the Islamic states of Syria in the eleventh century. There is a common tradition of steppe lamellar across Siberia, central Asia and into China.

Hatanga degel– a robe made of soft materials that could be enhanced with elements like mirror armor, pauldrons, etc. The alternative pronunciations are hatangu or hatanga degel. The earliest find of these relics were found in Denmark, seemingly belonging to the leading-warrior class based on the graves in which they were found. Debunking Common Misconceptions about Lamellar Armor in Popular Culture Misconception: Lamellar Armor is Inflexible and Restrictive Sumerian and Ancient Egyptian bas-reliefs depicting soldiers have been argued as portraying the earliest examples of lamellar armour, particularly on chariot drivers, but it is not until the time of the Assyrians (circa 900–600 BC) that possible examples of lamellar appear in the archaeological record. Among finds of Assyrian armour (often individual or unconnected scales), there are examples that can clearly be classified as scale armour [ citation needed] as well as others that appear to be lamellar, and there exist a large number of finds whose function has proven difficult to determine.

Contrary to popular belief, lamellar armor does not hinder mobility as much as commonly portrayed. While it may not offer the same level of flexibility as lighter armors like chainmail, skilled wearers can still move relatively freely. The individual lamellae are typically attached using flexible materials such as leather or fabric, allowing for some degree of movement and articulation. Misconception: Lamellar Armor is Heavy and Cumbersome There is considerable scholarly debate over the use of scale armour in the ninth-century Frankish world. Simon Coupland's article | 'Carolingian Arms and Armor in the Ninth Century' (Viator 21, 1990) provides one perspective, while Dawson's 'Armour Never Wearies' takes a differing view. The case in favour rests on artistic depictions, which closely copy earlier Byzantine artistic traditions; many (eg the Stuttgart Psalter, c.830) show accurate and life-like scale armour. There is no definitive archaeological or linguistic evidence. Given the strong continuity of late Roman traditions in many parts of the Frankish world, it seems plausible that scale armour was used in the Carolingian world. Felt and leather boots rounded out the Mongolian armor. However bulky they were, they were comfortable and broad enough to fit trousers inside before they were laced firmly.

Wagner, Donald B. (2008), Science and Civilization in China Volume 5-11: Ferrous Metallurgy, Cambridge University Press The form of the brigandine is essentially the same as the civilian doublet, though it is commonly sleeveless. However, depictions of brigandines with sleeves are known. The small armour plates were sometimes riveted between two layers of stout cloth, or just to an outer layer. Unlike armour for the torso made from large plates, the brigandine was flexible, with a degree of movement between each of the overlapping plates. Many brigandines appear to have had larger, somewhat L-shaped plates over the central chest area. The rivets attaching the plates to the fabric were often decorated, being gilt, or of latten, and sometimes embossed with a design. The rivets were also often grouped to produce a repeating decorative pattern. In more expensive brigandines the outer layer of cloth was usually of velvet. The contrast between a richly dyed velvet cloth and gilded rivet heads must have been impressive and, unsurprisingly, such armour was popular with high-status individuals. Laminar cuirasses were manufactured in Japan as early as the 4th century. [3] Tankō (laminar), worn by foot soldiers and keikō (lamellar), worn by horsemen were both pre-samurai types of early Japanese cuirass constructed from iron plates connected by leather thongs.

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Initially for centuries laminar armour was just a less expensive version of lamellar armor. Laminar was just made from horizontal strips of armour laced like strips of lamellar plates, but without extra-lacing and notches imitating strips of lamellar armour. And like in lamellar armour these laces could be occasionally cut during battle; the laces also frayed when an armour was worn for long periods without being mended. The Qin calculated fines for more severe crimes in terms of one or two coats of armour, lower crimes in terms of shields, and the lowest in terms of coins. [15] Qin soldiers sometimes threw off their armour in a kind of berserk rage and engaged in fanatical charges. [16] Qin armour usually used rectangular lamellae with dimensions of 7.5cm x 8.5cm and 10.5cm x 7.8cm. Dimensions of lamellae used for charioteer armour varies between the upper body, lower body, and arms. Lamellae on the upper body were 7cm x 6cm, the lower body 9cm x 6.5cm, and arms 4–7.5cm x 4cm. Lamellae on cavalrymen were 8cm x 5.7cm. [17] A complete set of Qin armour, judging by the finds in the Terracotta Army consisted of 250 to 612 pieces in total, not including the helmet. [18]

Manufacturing chain mail or plate armor required high-intensity work methods and permanent buildings that were not feasible under nomadic conditions. The extent to which either type was used is a debated topic. The earliest definite instance of true lamellar was found in China. Twelve suits of lacquered lamellar dated to c. 433 BC were uncovered in a tomb at Sui-hsien, Hupei. [ citation needed] Lamellar was used by various cultures from this time up through the 16th century. Lamellar armour is generally associated with the armour worn by the samurai class of feudal Japan, although it came to Japan from Korea. [3]Lamellar armour is also associated with Mongolia, Eastern Russia disambiguation needed, the tribes of Siberia and the Sarmatians, evidence of lamellar armour has also been found in various European countries. [3] Japanese lamellar armour [ ] Armour in the Zhou dynasty consisted of either a sleeveless coat of rhinoceros or buffalo hide, or leather scale armour. Helmets were largely similar to Shang predecessors but less ornate. Chariot horses were sometimes protected by tiger skins. [3]Oriental Armour, H. Russell Robinson, Publisher Courier Dover Publications, 2002, ISBN 0-486-41818-9, ISBN 978-0-486-41818-6 P.6-7 Cao Zhi mentioned three different kinds of armour, two of which were variants of "brilliant" armour: Home>전시안내>특별전시|국립고궁박물관". www.gogung.go.kr. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2021. do.-- Medieval Chinese Armies: 1260-1520; illustrated by David Sque, Osprey Publishing «Men-at-arms», ISBN 1-85532-254-4

Chain mail’s high price, cumbersome size, and challenging maintenance history made it a well-known but uncommon kind of armor for the Mongols. The elite of the Mongol army were mounted archers who needed armor that would not restrict their movement while riding.The Jurchens had a reputation for making high quality armour and weapons. [74] Both metal and quilted armour were worn by Jurchens. The Jurchen army was organized into units of a thousand and a hundred. Every hundred was composed of two fifty men social and economic units called punian. Each punian was supposed to have 20 men equipped with armour and lances or halberds. These 20 men formed a standard two rank five deep battle formation while the others formed three ranks of archers. [75] The earliest depictions of "banded" armour have been found in bronze figurines made by the Dian Kingdom that existed from 279 BCE to 109 BCE. Later banded armor also appears in Northern and Southern dynasties and Tang era art. This type of armour was built up of long horizontal bands or plates, similar to the lorica segmentata. The imperial guards of the Jurchen Jin dynasty have been described wearing banded armour. The left guards wore blue banded armour and held yellow dragon flags while the right guards wore red banded armour and held red dragon flags. Banded armour is even more rarely depicted than the elusive mountain pattern armour or mail armour. [40] Co-fusion steel weapons on armour [ edit ]