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Carreon CC, Parsh B (April 2019). "How to recognize caffeine overdose". Nursing (Clinical tutorial). 49 (4): 52–55. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000553278.11096.86. PMID 30893206. S2CID 84842436. Caffeine can be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy in neonates, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or facilitate a medicolegal death investigation. Plasma caffeine levels are usually in the range of 2–10mg/L in coffee drinkers, 12–36mg/L in neonates receiving treatment for apnea, and 40–400mg/L in victims of acute overdosage. Urinary caffeine concentration is frequently measured in competitive sports programs, for which a level in excess of 15mg/L is usually considered to represent abuse. [209] Analogs EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2015). "Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine". EFSA Journal. 13 (5): 4102. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102.

Sherwood L, Kell R (2009). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (1st Canadianed.). Nelsen. pp.613–9. ISBN 978-0-17-644107-4. Shen JG, Brooks MB, Cincotta J, Manjourides JD (February 2019). "Establishing a relationship between the effect of caffeine and duration of endurance athletic time trial events: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 22 (2): 232–238. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.022. PMID 30170953.Commercially prepared coffee- flavoured milk beverages are popular in Australia. [236] Examples include Oak's Ice Coffee and Farmers Union Iced Coffee. The amount of caffeine in these beverages can vary widely. Caffeine concentrations can differ significantly from the manufacturer's claims. [226] Some textbooks state that caffeine is a mild euphoriant, [104] [105] [106] while others state that it is not a euphoriant. [107] [108]

Grimes LM, Kennedy AE, Labaton RS, Hine JF, Warzak WJ (2015). "Caffeine as an Independent Variable in Behavioral Research: Trends from the Literature Specific to ADHD". Journal of Caffeine Research. 5 (3): 95–104. doi: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0032. Temple JL (January 2019). "Review: Trends, Safety, and Recommendations for Caffeine Use in Children and Adolescents". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 58 (1): 36–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.030. PMID 30577937. S2CID 58539710.Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and slightly higher levels of theophylline than coffee. Preparation and many other factors have a significant impact on tea, and color is a very poor indicator of caffeine content. Teas like the pale Japanese green tea, gyokuro, for example, contain far more caffeine than much darker teas like lapsang souchong, which has very little. [231] Soft drinks and energy drinks Coffee and the Liver". British Liver Trust. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023 . Retrieved 12 May 2023. a b c Desk reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp.238–239. ISBN 978-0-89042-556-5. Paraxanthine (84%): Increases lipolysis, leading to elevated glycerol and free fatty acid levels in blood plasma. Schmidt B (2005). "Methylxanthine therapy for apnea of prematurity: evaluation of treatment benefits and risks at age 5 years in the international Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial". Biology of the Neonate. 88 (3): 208–13. doi: 10.1159/000087584. PMID 16210843. S2CID 30123372.

Since this observation was first published, caffeine addiction has been added as an official diagnosis in ICDM9. This decision is disputed by many and is not supported by any convincing body of experimental evidence.... All of these observations strongly suggest that caffeine does not act on the dopaminergic structures related to addiction, nor does it improve performance by alleviating any symptoms of withdrawal Structure of a typical chemical synapse Caffeine's primary mechanism of action is as an adenosine receptor antagonist in the brain.a b Murray A, Traylor J (January 2019). "Caffeine Toxicity". StatPearls [Internet] (Mini-review). PMID 30422505. This is more likely to cause side effects, as a full key down/key up is generated. It's included for compatibility with older systems which might need this Theophylline (4%): Relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchi, and is used to treat asthma. The therapeutic dose of theophylline, however, is many times greater than the levels attained from caffeine metabolism. [46]

Evans J, Richards JR, Battisti AS (January 2019). "Caffeine". StatPearls [Internet] (Mini-review). PMID 30137774. Food Standards Agency publishes new caffeine advice for pregnant women". Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2009. Global consumption of caffeine has been estimated at 120,000tonnes per year, making it the world's most popular psychoactive substance. [22] This amounts to an average of one serving of a caffeinated beverage for every person every day. [22] The consumption of caffeine has remained stable between 1997 and 2015. [281] Coffee, tea and soft drinks are the most important caffeine sources, with energy drinks contributing little to the total caffeine intake across all age groups. [281] Religions

Kuczkowski KM (November 2009). "Caffeine in pregnancy". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 280 (5): 695–8. doi: 10.1007/s00404-009-0991-6. PMID 19238414. S2CID 6475015. a b "Caffeine (Systemic)". MedlinePlus. 25 May 2000. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2009.