Proceedings, of the Worcester Society of Entiquity, Vol. 21 (Classic Reprint)

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Main article: History of Ancient Israel and Judah The Iron Age Kingdom of Israel (blue) and Kingdom of Judah (yellow) Rawson, Jessica (1999). "Design Systems in Early Chinese Art". Orientations: 52. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020 . Retrieved 18 October 2020. A person who studies antiquities, as opposed to just collecting them, is often called an antiquarian.

The deposition of human remains in mires extends from the Mesolithic to recent times (van der Sanden Reference van der Sanden, Menotti and O'Sullivan2012: 404). To our knowledge, detailed overviews of long-term trends in the numbers and spatial patterning of finds are unavailable (for some basic trends, see van der Sanden Reference van der Sanden1996). Nonetheless, some chronological peaks and spatial clustering have previously been identified. The earliest dated peak concerns a cluster of skeletal remains from southern Sweden and Denmark, which dates to the fourth millennium BC (Sjögren et al. Reference Sjögren2017; Nielsen & Sørensen Reference Nielsen and Sørensen2018). There is also a concentration of skeletons dating to the later third/early second millennium BC in the English fenlands (Healey & Housley Reference Healey and Housley1992; Roberts Reference Roberts1998). The Iron Age and Roman period, however, are generally perceived as the peak of the ‘bog body phenomenon’, with finds distributed throughout North-west Europe. Medieval and later finds cluster predominantly in Scotland and Ireland (van der Sanden Reference van der Sanden, Menotti and O'Sullivan2012: 404). The term is no longer much used in formal academic discussion, because of this imprecision. However, a recent attempt to standardise this and other terms has been carried out. [5] Most, but not all, antiquities have been recovered by archaeology. There is little or no overlap with antiques, which covers objects, not generally discovered as a result of archaeology, at most about three hundred years old, and usually far less. Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea around 3200 BC, [143] and the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC). [144] [145] The Minoans built large palaces decorated with frescoes and wrote in the undeciphered script known as Linear A. The Mycenaean civilization, the first distinctively Greek civilization later emerged on the mainland (1600–1100 BC), consisting of a network of palace-centered states and writing the earliest attested form of Greek with the Linear B script. [145] The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, along with several other civilizations in the eastern Mediterranen, during the regional event known as the Late Bronze Age collapse. [146] This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. Assyria was originally a region on the Upper Tigris, where a small state was created in the 19th century BC. [34] The capital was at Assur, which gave the state its name. [38] Later, as a nation and empire that came to control all of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt and much of Anatolia, the term "Assyria proper" referred to roughly the northern half of Mesopotamia (the southern half being Babylonia), with Nineveh as its capital. The Assyrian kings controlled a large kingdom at three different times in history. These are called the Old (20th to 18th centuries BC), Middle (14th to 11th centuries BC), and Neo-Assyrian (9th to 7th centuries BC) kingdoms, or periods. [39]

Török, László (1997). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meriotic Civilization. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10448-8. Further information: Religions of the ancient Near East, Ancient Egyptian religion, Historical Vedic religion, Ancient Greek religion, Hellenistic philosophy, Roman imperial cult, Early Christianity, and Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism In the 8th century BC, power became decentralized during the Spring and Autumn period, [107] named after the influential Spring and Autumn Annals. [108] In this period, local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony. [107] The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples, [109] forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to Luoyang. [110] In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose, local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Zhou kings in name only. The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded, partly in response to the changing political world. [111] [112] Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. The Republican period of Ancient Rome began with the overthrow of the Monarchy c.509BC and lasted over 450 years until its subversion through a series of civil wars, into the Principate form of government and the Imperial period. During the half millennium of the Republic, Rome rose from a regional power of the Latium to the dominant force in Italy and beyond. The unification of Italy under Roman hegemony was a gradual process, brought about in a series of conflicts of the 4th and 3rd centuries, the Samnite Wars, Latin War, and Pyrrhic War. Roman victory in the Punic Wars and Macedonian Wars established Rome as a super-regional power by the 2nd centuryBC, followed up by the acquisition of Greece and Asia Minor. This tremendous increase of power was accompanied by economic instability and social unrest, leading to the Catiline conspiracy, the Social War and the First Triumvirate, and finally the transformation to the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 1st centuryBC.

BC: Earliest theorized date for birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Roman succession: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar groomed for the throne.

The " Cup of the Ptolemies" was set in Carolingian precious mounting and preserved in the Basilica of Saint-Denis.