Lifespan Development, Global Edition

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As toddlers (ages 1–3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. They begin to show clear preferences for certain elements of the environment, such as food, toys, and clothing. A toddler’s main task is to resolve the issue of autonomy versus shame and doubt, by working to establish independence. This is the “me do it” stage. For example, we might observe a budding sense of autonomy in a 2-year-old child who wants to choose her clothes and dress herself. Although her outfits might not be appropriate for the situation, her input in such basic decisions has an effect on her sense of independence. If denied the opportunity to act on her environment, she may begin to doubt her abilities, which could lead to low self-esteem and feelings of shame. Streamlined research coverage helps students understand historical theories and their connection to cutting edge psychological science today.

There were no apparent grammatical errors that I detected. I did see a few minor typos or edits to be made but no significant grammar errors. Sigmund Freud introduced the Psychosexual Theory of Development. He believed that our personality is shaped by our experiences in early childhood and that there are certain fixations that happen during each stage: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital. His theory is an example of discontinuity. Ainsworth's Attachment Theory This textbook follows a typical flow for it’s type. All of the content is relevant and is predicted to remain relevant for years to come. It’s nice to see an updated version (2021) with updated materials. History of Developmental Psychology: Socialization and Personality Development through the Life Span Early in the text, the authors use the term "gestational parent" (singular), but then talked about "their" eggs (plural). As is happening in the discussion of gender today, we hear mismatched pronouns ("they" instead of "him/her"). I suppose most textbooks will use this. ?? Otherwise, I did not detect any grammar issues in the other portions of this source that I read. I may with a more comprehensive read. ??

Development is multidirectional

Figure 1. Baltes’ lifespan perspective emphasizes that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, contextual, and multidisciplinary. Think of ways your own development fits in with each of these concepts as you read about the terms in more detail. Late Adulthood Stage: the ages of 65 to the very last year of life. This stage can reach up to 120 years for those who have a longer lifespan. The late adulthood stage has features of physical decline due to aging and a host of emotions about death and dying. Aside from these changes, this period is also marked by a decrease in cognitive abilities, affecting short-term memory and the ability to acquire new information.

Lifespan development involves the exploration of biological, cognitive, and psychosocial changes and constancies that occur throughout the entire course of life. It has been presented as a theoretical perspective, proposing several fundamental, theoretical, and methodological principles about the nature of human development. An attempt by researchers has been made to examine whether research on the nature of development suggests a specific metatheoretical worldview. Several beliefs, taken together, form the “family of perspectives” that contribute to this particular view. Infancy and Toddler Stage: from birth to three years of age. This stage displays rapid changes in different areas, including physical, socio-emotional, language, and cognitive development. Completing milestones helps lay the foundation for independence and a healthy sense of self. Like Freud and Erikson, Piaget thought development unfolds in a series of stages approximately associated with age ranges. He proposed a theory of cognitive development that unfolds in four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational ( [link]). Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Age (years) The content presented in this text is relevant and provides the foundational knowledge required for anyone who wishes to pursue research or a career requiring an understanding of human development and therefore it should stand the test of time. However, as with any developmental course, it is important to be aware of demographic shifts and current relevant research trends and perhaps for this text, the supplemental materials could use more recent relevant research citations for students to explore. However, this will be the case for almost all developmental texts as we move into a post-pandemic world as the field explores such effects.On the other hand, accommodation is creating space in a body of knowledge to insert new information. A child accommodates new words such as horse and cat and understands that not all animals with four legs and a tail are dogs. New schemas are created in the child's mind to organize this information. Assimilating involves using old knowledge to understand new situations, while accommodation involves redesigning old knowledge and understandings to include new knowledge. Critical Periods in Development German psychologist Paul Baltes, a leading expert on lifespan development and aging, developed one of the approaches to studying development called the lifespan perspective. This approach is based on several key principles: Discontinuity: Billy struggles to learn how to read and write. Once he finally is able to read and write well, he struggles in math. Once he feels like he is doing well in math, he struggles to understand politics and remember historical facts. Each stage is a crisis or task that Billy has to complete before moving on to the next. The chapters are condensed, but the material seems up-to-date and relevant. Research is mainly current, or at least within the past few years. Much of the material is consistent with a publisher textbook.