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WHO develops, updates and disseminates health-based guidance documents and best practice guides, norms and standards that support standard-setting and regulations at national level, particularly for drinking-water safety, effective surveillance approaches, recreational water quality, sanitation safety, safe wastewater use, WASH in health and educational facilities, and WASH monitoring.
a b c "Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . Retrieved 27 April 2015. The WASH programme is also positioned to prevent malnutrition and preventable diseases, reduce neonatal mortality, and improve education outcomes. A sanitation worker (or sanitary worker) is a person responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, or emptying the equipment or technology at any step of the sanitation chain. [59] :2 This is the definition used in the narrower sense within the WASH sector. More broadly speaking, sanitation workers may also be involved in cleaning streets, parks, public spaces, sewers, stormwater drains, and public toilets. [98] Another definition is: "The moment an individual’s waste is outsourced to another, it becomes sanitation work." [99] :4 Some organizations use the term specifically for municipal solid waste collectors, whereas others exclude the workers involved in management of solid waste (rubbish, trash) sector from its definition. Strengthening multi-sector, national institutions and platforms for policy development and the coordination of prevention and preparedness, including for anti-microbial resistance. a b c d "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017" (PDF). United Nations. 2017. A/RES/71/313. Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable DevelopmentGovernment Ownership and Investment: For WASH in HCF improvements to continue and sustain, governments need to prioritize and own that WASH services and cleanliness are essential components of providing high-quality patient care and achieving national health targets. Because MoHs are responsible for health outcomes, they must assume ownership of WASH in HCF by: establishing WASH and cleanliness standards; investing in WASH improvements; integrating WASH standards and responsibilities into pre-service and in-service trainings; integrating WASH in routine facility monitoring systems; and linking health sector staff performance to fulfillment of WASH functions. These changes will require budget shifts to include WASH improvements at national and local levels. As owner of WASH in HCF, MoHs will need to convene coordination efforts with other relevant ministries.
UNICEF also supports WASH in health care facilities and district-wide WASH interventions, supporting planning and implementation and incorporating behaviour change into state and national guidelines and costed plans. When looking at the emissions from the sanitation and wastewater sector most people focus on treatment systems, particularly treatment plants. This is because treatment plants require considerable energy input and are estimated to account for 3% of global electricity consumption. [114] This makes sense for high-income countries, where wastewater treatment is the biggest energy consumer compared to other activities of the water sector. [109] :23 The aeration processes that are used in many secondary treatment processes are particularly energy intensive (using about 50% of the total energy required for treatment). [109] :24 The amount of energy needed to treat wastewater depends on several factors: wastewater quantity and quality (i.e. how much and how polluted is it), treatment level required which in turn influences the type of treatment process that gets selected. [109] :23 The energy efficiency of the treatment process is another factor. [109] :23 Energy and electricity usage by water and wastewater services under Scope 2 of the carbon accounting method (Indirect emissions associated with energy) The improvement of WASH standards within health facilities needs to be guided by national policies and standards as well as an allocated budget to improve and maintain services. [73] A number of solutions exist that can considerably improve the health and safety of both patients and service providers at health facilities: [75] [76]Solutions exist to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services. [115] These solutions into three categories which partly overlap: Firstly "reducing water and energy consumption through lean and efficient approaches"; secondly "embracing circular economy to produce energy and valuable products"; and thirdly by "planning to reduce GHG emissions through strategic decisions". [109] :28 The mentioned lean and efficient approaches include for example finding ways to reduce water loss from water networks and to reduce infiltration of rainwater or groundwater into sewers. [109] :29 Also, incentives can to encourage households and industries to reduce their water consumption and their energy requirements for water heating. [109] :31 There is another method to reduce the energy requirements for the treatment of raw water to make drinking water out of it: protecting the quality of the source water better. [109] :32 Following phases I and II, MCSP designed and implemented a pilot activity to improve WASH and infection prevention within MCSP-supported HCFs. A final report on the full three-phase activity can be found here. Clean Clinic monitoring and certification scorecards for HCFs, labor & delivery wards, and postnatal care wards can be found here, along with special considerations for special newborn care wards. Hygiene and infection prevention promotional products are also available. Water and sanitation services contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions are grouped into three scopes in the international greenhouse gas protocol: direct emissions, as well as two types of indirect emissions (see below). [108] [109] :9 Direct emissions (Scope 1) [ edit ]
a b "Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform". sustainabledevelopment.un.org . Retrieved 2017-11-17.
Basic WASH services and medical waste management in health care facilities are essential for safe and quality care. Aerial view of completed Dadin-Kowa treatment plant in Gombe State. Photo: Nigeria National Urban Water Sector Reform Program (NUWSRP) Expanding WASH coverage and monitoring in non-household settings such as schools, healthcare facilities, and work places, is included in Sustainable Development Goal 6. [153] In keeping with our Core Commitments for Children, UNICEF has mobilized teams and resources in a global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We procure supplies for infection prevention and control, and work closely with governments to provide guidance to communities, health-care providers and education practitioners. Scope 2 includes "indirect emissions associated with the energy required by the activity". Companies that deal with water and wastewater services need energy for various processes. They use the energy mix that is available in the country. The higher the proportion of fossil fuels in the energy mix is, the higher the GHG emissions under Scope 2 will be high too. [109] :12 The processes that need energy include: water abstraction (e.g. groundwater pumping), drinking water storage, water conveyance, water treatment, water distribution, treatment of wastewater, water end use (e.g. water heating), desalination and wastewater reuse. [109] :20–24 For example, electrical energy is needed for pumping of sewage and for mechanical aeration in activated sludge treatment plants.
Safe water supply, sanitation and hygiene services and medical waste management in health care facilities Building resilience against future diseases:Safely managed WASH services are needed tosupport affected, at-risk, and low-capacity countries to build resilience against futurepandemics,as well asagainst diseases that afflict the poor in the developing world on a more routine basis, such as diarrhea.In 2016, the WHO estimated that poor WASH practices were responsible for 829,000 deaths from diarrheal disease – equivalent to 1.9% of the global burden of disease. Cholera, an acute diarrheal disease linked to contaminated water that can kill within hours if left untreated, infects up to 4 million people each year, and kills an estimated 21,000-143,000 people. The spread of other diseases, like typhoid and measles, increase precipitously in the developing world when domestic water supply outages occur. In some individuals these diseases are fatal, and in many others their burden leads to reduced labor productivity and wages. Where the burden is high, repeated illnesses for family members can trap households in a vicious poverty cycle. With the Ebola outbreak of 2014-2016, IPC needs resulted in a vibrant, focused interest in WASH in HCF. Subsequent analysis — including WHO’s 2015 report identifying the poor WASH situation in HCFs globally and the high risk of HCAIs — has led to increased interest in the issues. Universal access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene would reduce the global disease burden by 10%. ( WHO, 2012)Poor sanitation can also have a ripple effect when it hinders national development because workers are suffering from illnesses and living shorter lives, producing and earning less, and unable to afford education and stable futures for their children. Inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services in India’s health facilities contributes to the high neonatal mortality rate, which is currently 24 deaths per 1000 live births. Accessible and clean toilets, separated by gender, in sufficient numbers for staff, patients and visitors. Mitigating secondary impacts:WASH services and products are essential for well-functioning health care facilities and to avoid disrupting community livelihoods and wellbeing. Globally, at least 2 billion people use a drinking water source contaminated with faeces. ( WHO, 2019)
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