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Goldstein DS, Smith LJ (2002). NDRF Hans. The National Dysautonomia Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 2021-05-04 . Retrieved 2020-10-03. a b Miller AJ, Doherty TA (October 2019). "Hop to It: The First Animal Model of Autoimmune Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome". Journal of the American Heart Association. 8 (19): e014084. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014084. PMC 6806054. PMID 31547756. a b Kanjwal K, Karabin B, Sheikh M, Elmer L, Kanjwal Y, Saeed B, Grubb BP (June 2011). "Pyridostigmine in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia: a single-center experience". Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 34 (6): 750–755. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03047.x. PMID 21410722. S2CID 20405336. a b Grubb BP, Kanjwal Y, Kosinski DJ (January 2006). "The postural tachycardia syndrome: a concise guide to diagnosis and management". Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 17 (1): 108–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.00318.x. PMID 16426415. S2CID 38915192.

a b c Fedorowski A (April 2019). "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: clinical presentation, aetiology and management". Journal of Internal Medicine. 285 (4): 352–366. doi: 10.1111/joim.12852. PMID 30372565. It is estimated that 1 million - 3 million people in the United States have POTS. [28] The average age for POTS onset is 20 years old, and it occurs about five times more frequently in females than in males. [1] Signs and symptoms [ edit ] Person standing and measuring heart rate with a pulse oximeter which shows tachycardia of 108 bpm

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Graf N (2018). "Clinical Symptoms and Results of Autonomic Function Testing Overlap in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome". Cephalalgia Reports. 1: 1–6. doi: 10.1177/2515816318773774. S2CID 79542947. Stewart JM (May 2002). "Pooling in chronic orthostatic intolerance: arterial vasoconstrictive but not venous compliance defects". Circulation. 105 (19): 2274–2281. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000016348.55378.C4. PMID 12010910. S2CID 11618433.

Haensch CA, Mallien J, Isenmann S (2012-04-25). "Sleep Disturbances in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): A Polysomnographic and Questionnaires Based Study (P05.206)". Neurology. 78 (1 Supplement): P05.206. doi: 10.1212/WNL.78.1_MeetingAbstracts.P05.206. The selective alpha-1 agonist phenylephrine has been used successfully to enhance venous return and stroke volume in some people with POTS. [92] However, this medication may be hampered by poor oral bioavailability. [93] Pharmacologic treatments for postural tachycardia syndromeThieben MJ, Sandroni P, Sletten DM, Benrud-Larson LM, Fealey RD, Vernino S, etal. (March 2007). "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: the Mayo clinic experience". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 82 (3): 308–313. doi: 10.4065/82.3.308. PMID 17352367. The prevalence of POTS is unknown. [34] One study estimated a minimal rate of 170 POTS cases per 100,000 individuals, but the true prevalence is likely higher due to underdiagnosis. [34] Another study estimated that there are at least 500,000 cases in the United States. [6] POTS is more common in women than men, with a female-to-male ratio of 4:1. [77] [119] Most people with POTS are aged between 20 and 40, with an average onset of 21. [2] [77] Diagnoses of POTS beyond age 40 are rare, perhaps because symptoms improve with age. [34] An increase in heart rate upon moving to an upright posture is known as orthostatic (upright) tachycardia (fast heart rate). It occurs without any coinciding drop in blood pressure, as that would indicate orthostatic hypotension. [29] Certain medications to treat POTS may cause orthostatic hypotension. It is accompanied by other features of orthostatic intolerance—symptoms that develop in an upright position and are relieved by reclining. [29] These orthostatic symptoms include palpitations, light-headedness, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, [29] nausea, weakness or "heaviness" in the lower legs, blurred vision, and cognitive difficulties. [1] Differential diagnoses [ edit ]

a b Jacob G, Shannon JR, Costa F, Furlan R, Biaggioni I, Mosqueda-Garcia R, etal. (April 1999). "Abnormal norepinephrine clearance and adrenergic receptor sensitivity in idiopathic orthostatic intolerance". Circulation. 99 (13): 1706–1712. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.99.13.1706. PMID 10190880.Stewart JM, Del Pozzi AT, Pandey A, Messer ZR, Terilli C, Medow MS (March 2015). "Oscillatory cerebral blood flow is associated with impaired neurocognition and functional hyperemia in postural tachycardia syndrome during graded tilt". Hypertension. 65 (3): 636–643. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04576. PMC 4326551. PMID 25510829.

Postural tachycardia syndrome was coined in 1982 in a description of a patient who had postural tachycardia, but not orthostatic hypotension. [34] Ronald Schondorf and Phillip A. Low of the Mayo Clinic first used the name postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, POTS, in 1993. [34] [122] Notable cases [ edit ] Pederson CL, Blettner Brook J (2017-04-12). "Sleep disturbance linked to suicidal ideation in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome". Nature and Science of Sleep. 9: 109–115. doi: 10.2147/nss.s128513. PMC 5396946. PMID 28442939. a b c d e "2015 Heart Rhythm Society Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome, Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia, and Vasovagal Syncope". Archived from the original on 2017-03-03 . Retrieved 2017-03-03.Novak P (2016). "Cerebral Blood Flow, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure Patterns during the Tilt Test in Common Orthostatic Syndromes". Neuroscience Journal. 2016: 6127340. doi: 10.1155/2016/6127340. PMC 4972931. PMID 27525257.