Anatomy and Physiology For Dummies

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Okay, it’s test time! Take advantage of the test itself. You may find that the answer to an exam question that stumps you is revealed — at least partially — in the phrasing of a subsequent question. Stay alert to these blessed little gifts even when you think that you already understand all the anatomical structures and physiological processes. You won’t be the first student to change an answer after working your way through an exam. Review your mistakes Friendly writing style, depending on linking content by images, and high teaching and learning technologies to ensure the success of classrooms. If you’re a visual learner, you may get more out of anatomy and physiology by seeing the real thing in the flesh. If you’re an aural learner, you may learn best in the classroom as the teacher lectures. If you’re a reading and writing kind of learner, you’ll get the most out of our first tip to write stuff down. And if you’re a kinesthetic learner, there’s nothing like touching or holding to commit something to memory. Get a grip on Greek and Latin Flash cards, mnemonic drills, practice tests — be creative and practice, practice, practice! The more you know about the format of any upcoming exam, the better. Sometimes instructors share tidbits about what they plan to emphasize, but sometimes they don’t. In the end, if you’ve done the work and put in the time to study and practice with information outside of class, the exact structure and content of an exam shouldn’t make much difference. Sleuth out clues Class Mammalia: Tetrapods with hair. Other classes of the vertebrata are Pisces (fish), Amphibia (frogs), Aves (birds), and Reptilia (scaly things).

Dorsal cavity: Bones of the cranial portion of the skull and vertebral column, toward the posterior (dorsal) side of the body Biologists take for granted that human anatomy and physiology evolved from the anatomy and physiology of ancient forms. These scientists base their work on the assumption that every structure and process, no matter how tiny in scope, must somehow contribute to the survival of the individual. So each process — and the structures within which the chemistry and physics of the process actually happen — must help keep the individual alive and meeting the relentless challenges of a continually changing environment. Evolution favors processes that work. Every person has his or her own sense of style, and woe betide anyone who tries to shoehorn the masses into a single style. The same, of course, is true of students. To get the most out of your study time, you need to figure out what your learning style is and alter your study habits to accommodate it. This is a simple idea that far too few students practice regularly. Don’t stop at underlining and highlighting important material in your textbooks and study guides: Write it down. Or type it up. Whatever you do, don’t just regurgitate it exactly as presented in the material you’re studying.This table represents some common Latin and Greek roots used in anatomy and physiology: English Form Abdominopelvic cavity: An imaginary line running across the hipbones and dividing the body into the abdominal and pelvic cavities: Base: A substance that becomes ionized when placed in solution, producing negatively charged hydroxide ions, OH –. Bases are referred to as being more alkaline than acids and are known as proton acceptors. Stronger bases separate into larger numbers of OH – ions in solution. PDF / EPUB File Name: Anatomy_and_Physiology_For_Dummies_-_Erin_Odya.pdf, Anatomy_and_Physiology_For_Dummies_-_Erin_Odya.epub To keep anions and cations straight, think like a compulsive dieter: Gaining is negative, and losing is positive.

remember.eps Anatomy is form; physiology is function. You can’t talk about one without talking about the other. The anatomy and physiology of everything elseIt’s the best resource for helping you make anatomy and physiology your minion, with memorization tactics, test-prep suggestions, and hundreds of practice tests. Ions: Because electrons are relatively far from the atomic nucleus, they are most susceptible to external fields. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are transformed into ions. Getting an extra electron turns an atom into a negatively charged ion, or anion, whereas losing an electron creates a positively charged ion, or cation. A tissue is a structure made of many cells — usually several different kinds of cells — that performs a specific function. Tissues are divided into four classes: The body takes a divide-and-conquer approach to completing all of the tasks it must do to sustain life. Each body system has its own role to play, as shown in the table below. System

Medical and crime shows have made body cavities all too familiar, and anatomically speaking, these spaces are very important, providing housing and protection for vital organs. The following list identifies the cavities and subcavities of the human body: Suitable for different grades of medical school students, pharmacy, physiotherapy, and nursing or preparing for medical schools students. It is also used as a revision source for doctors in postgraduates.pH (potential of hydrogen): A mathematical measure on a scale of 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. A solution is considered neutral, neither acid nor base, if its pH is exactly 7. (Pure water has a pH of 7.) A substance is basic if its pH is greater than 7 and acidic if its pH is less than 7. In the 1970s, computer technology took off, taking medical imaging technology with it. Digital imaging techniques began to be applied to convert multiple flat-slice images into one three-dimensional image. The first technology of this sort was called computed axial tomography (commonly called a CAT or CT scan), in which multiple X-ray images are combined into cross-sectional pictures of structures inside the body. These detailed and extensive images were unlike anything that had been available to anatomists before. CT technology is still an active area of development. Major technology manufacturers maintain robust product lines of CT instruments and accoutrements for use in clinics and clinical research. Genus Homo: The human species is the only surviving species of our genus, though this genus included several species in the evolutionary past.