ORTOGRAF-3

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English orthography is the alphabetic spelling system used by the English language. English orthography uses a set of rules that governs how speech is represented in writing. The English language has quite a weak connection between the written form of a word and the spoken form of that word. For example, the letter combination ‘ough’ can be pronounced in many different ways depending on the rest of the letters surrounding it.

Another example is the pair of homophones plain and plane, where both are pronounced the same but their difference in meaning is marked by their different orthographic representations. You will be able to choose from a huge number of tests that are assigned to several categories. The vast majority of tests are for free. Your results will be evaluated and saved so you will be able to review your mistakes later. At the moment, our application, which we continually expand and refine, covers the following thematic areas: The letters in English orthography represent a particular sound. Single letters or multiple sequences of letters may provide indication of other sounds, such as ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘th’ or ‘ph’.The diagraph ‘gh’ in English orthography can be used in many circumstances with different pronunciations, however, such as in the words ‘high’, ‘through’ and ’borough’. The last two words here are part of the notorious ‘ough’ letter combination. Ough Words

If we changed the sentence to include compound adjectives, it could read like this: ‘the short-tailed ginger cat ran up the pitch-dark, tree-lined path’.Hyphenation is used for clarity too. For example, in the sentence: ‘ the pub has an old-world charm’, the hyphen tells the reader that the pub’s appeal lies in its ‘old world’ charm. The ASL fingerspelling provided here is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment. Some letters have no linguistic function. The letter ‘e’ is soundless at the end of most English words. (For example, ‘give’, ‘have’, ‘grave’). This is especially common with words ending in ‘ve’ where the final sound is the ‘v’ not the ‘e’. It also happens with the word ‘name’. They had a long-standing friendship’– without the hyphen it could mean the ‘standing friendship’ is long.

The letter ‘c’ is usually pronounced like ‘car’, cash’, ‘crazy’ (a hard ‘c’), but when used before the vowel ‘i’ is changes to sound like an ‘s’. This can be seen in the words ‘circle’, ‘cinema’, ‘cider’, ‘circus’, cigarette’ and ‘city’. Explore more about the connection between spelling and pronunciation in our English phonology section. Notice: Undefined variable: output in /hermes/walnacweb05/walnacweb05ac/b162/moo.myenglishlanguagecom/wordpress/wp-content/plugins/wordpress-plugin-for-simple-google-adsense-insertion/WP-Simple-Adsense-Insertion.php on line 117 Spelling may also be used to distinguish between English homophones (words with the same pronunciation but different meanings). If we had not used the hyphen, it could mean that the pub’s ‘world charm’ is old. In other words, it can sometimes difficult to tell which words are the adjectives if we don’t use hyphens.

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Other examples include ‘ph’ sounding like ‘f’ (e.g. the diagraph ‘ph’ in ‘telephone’ and ‘graph’ perform the same function as the ‘f’ in ‘golf’ and ‘beef’ and ‘yourself’).