The English Führer: The brand new 2023 spy thriller from the bestselling author of THE MAN IN THE BUNKER

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Regional Nazi Party leaders were called Gauleiter, " leiter" also meaning "leader". Almost every Nazi paramilitary organization, in particular the SS and SA, had Nazi party paramilitary ranks incorporating the title of Führer. The SS including the Waffen-SS, like all paramilitary Nazi organizations, called all their members of any rank except the lowest one a Führer of something; thus confusingly, Gruppenführer was also an official rank title for a specific grade of general. The word Truppenführer was also a generic word referring to any commander or leader of troops and could be applied to NCOs or officers at many different levels of command. Under the Nazis, the title Führer was also used in paramilitary titles (see Freikorps). Within the Party's paramilitary organizations, the Sturmabteilung (SA) and its later much more powerful offshoot, the Schutzstaffel (SS), " führer" was the root word used in the names of their officer ranks, such as in Sturmbannführer, meaning "assault unit leader", equivalent to major, or Oberführer, "senior leader", equivalent to senior colonel/ brigadier. Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990. Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5.

Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf. Trans. Ralph Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4. Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung"[The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation]. Spiegel Online (in German) . Retrieved 1 December 2014. Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat– Adolf Hitler's diet". New Statesman. UK. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. In the gripping new 2023 spy thriller from the Sunday Times bestselling author of The Man in the Bunker , a retired spy must uncover a deadly plot as Britain counts the cost of war. But who is the English Führer? After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker. [320] [e] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this likely increased his determination to avoid capture. [321]Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction. The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2. Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [128] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [129] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [129] Rebuilding the Nazi Party Hoffman, David (creator, writer) (1989). How Hitler Lost the War (television documentary). US: Varied Directions . Retrieved 19 April 2020. On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam. This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [164] [165] Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 35 (1): 75–82. PMID 15825245.

Leni Riefenstahl". The Daily Telegraph. London. 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 10 May 2013. Phayer, Michael (2000). "The Response of the Catholic Church to National Socialism" (PDF). The Churches and Nazi Persecution. Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 May 2013.In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the second battle of El Alamein, [288] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [289] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army. Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [290] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk. [291] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [292] The destroyed map room at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's eastern command post, after the 20 July plot Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler". In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8.

Gunkel, Christoph (4 February 2010). "Medicating a Madman: A Sober Look at Hitler's Health". Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 12 December 2013.Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship. Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8. In 1933, Hitler was appointed Reichskanzler (Chancellor of the Reich) by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg. Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5. It was in Vienna that Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [47] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the climate of virulent anti-Semitism and occasionally espoused German nationalist notions for political effect. German nationalism had a particularly widespread following in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler lived. [48] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler. [49] He also developed an admiration for Martin Luther. [50] Hitler read local newspapers such as Deutsches Volksblatt [ de] that promoted prejudice and utilised Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews. [51] He read newspapers and pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Charles Darwin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Gustave Le Bon and Arthur Schopenhauer. [52] Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "Hitler's First War, by Thomas Weber". The Globe and Mail. Phillip Crawley . Retrieved 19 April 2020.